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A Legacy Continues Not since Galileo turned his telescope towards the heavens in 1610 has any event so changed our understanding of the universe as the deployment of the Hubble Space Telescope. Hubble orbits 600 kilometers (375 miles) above Earth, working around the clock to unlock the secrets of the Universe. It uses excellent pointing precision, powerful optics, and state-of-the-art instruments to provide stunning views of the Universe that cannot be made using ground-based telescopes or other satellites. Hubble was originally designed in the 1970s and launched in 1990. Thanks to on-orbit service calls by the Space Shuttle astronauts, Hubble continues to be a state-of-the-art space telescope. Hubble on the Cutting Edge Hubble is the first scientific mission of any kind that is specifically designed for routine servicing by spacewalking astronauts. It has a visionary, modular design which allows the astronauts to take it apart, replace worn out equipment and upgrade instruments. These periodic service calls make sure that Hubble produces first-class science using cutting-edge technology. Each time a science instrument in Hubble is replaced, it increases Hubble scientific power by a factor of 10 or greater! Hubble's Endeavors Hubble's accomplishments are extraordinary. For example, before Hubble distances to far-off galaxies were not well-known. Questions about how rapidly the universe is expanding, and for how long, created great controversy. Hubble's discoveries have changed all of that. » Every day, Hubble delivers between 10 and 15 gigabytes of data to astronomers all over the world. This has created a data archive of over 10 terabytes. » Taken more than 400,000 separate observations. » Hubble has observed more than 25,000 astronomical targets. » Hubble has provided data for thousands of scientific papers. » Circling the Earth about once every 95 minutes, Hubble has traveled over 3 billion miles. And with servicing upgrades, and periodic improvements, hopefully the best is yet to come...





 
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Servicing Mission 4 (SM4) In January of 2004, The HST Program received notification from the NASA Administrator to cancel all further HST on-orbit manned servicing. The decision was based on the risks to the Shuttle astronauts associated with future HST servicing missions. Currently other options are being considered such as a remotely controlled robotic servicing mission. Servicing Mission 3B (SM3B) • March 1, 2002: (STS-109). LaunchShuttle Columbia. • Installation of ACS. • Installation of NCS. • Replace SA2 with SA3 (solar arrays). Servicing Mission 3A (SM3A) • December 19, 1999: (STS-103) Launch of Shuttle Discovery. • Replacement of RSU (Rate Sensing Units containing gyroscopes). • Installation of new computer. • General maintenance. November 13, 1999: Hubble placed in safe mode after the failure of a fourth gyroscope. HST Orbital Systems Test (HOST) • October 29, 1998: (STS-95) Launch of Shuttle Discovery. • HOST mission was flown to test new technologies for installation into Hubble during servicing missions 3A and 3B. Servicing Mission 2 (SM2) • February 11, 1997: (STS-82)Launch of Shuttle Discovery. • STIS replaced FOS. • NICMOS replaced GHRS. Servicing Mission 1 (SM1) • December 2, 1993: (STS-61) Launch of Shuttle Endeavour • COSTAR corrective optics installed, replacing HSP. • WFPC2 replaced WFPC. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Deployed • April 24, 1990: (STS-31) Launch of Shuttle Discovery. • April 25, 1990: Hubble Space Telescope deployed into orbit. • June 25, 1990: Spherical aberration discovered in Hubble's primary mirror • COSTAR Approved: the creation of a complex packaging of five optical mirror pairs which would rectify the spherical aberration in Hubble's primary mirror. Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) Operations begin in Baltimore, Maryland. The STScI was built as the astronomical research center for the Hubble Space Telescope. Congress approves funding for The Hubble Space Telescope NASA names its largest, most complex, and capable orbiting telescope in honor of Edwin Hubble. The LST - Large Space Telescope Astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer gathered the support of other astronomers for a "large orbital telescope". In 1969, the National Academy of Sciences gave its approval for the Large Space Telescope (LST) project, and the hearings and feasibility studies continued. Conception of a space telescope Famed rocket scientist Herman Oberth publishes an article speculating on telescopes in orbit. Space pioneer Hermann Oberth was considered by many to be the most famous mentor of the late Dr. Wernher von Braun, the first director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Edwin Hubble and the Hooker Telescope 2.5-meter (100-inch) Hooker Telescope begins operations at Mt. Wilson Observatory in Pasadena, California. With this telescope in the 1920's, astronomer Edwin Hubble measured the distances and velocities of galaxies, work which led to today's concept of an expanding Universe. THE HISTORY OF HUBBLE FROM CONCEPTION TO LAUNCH In the Beginning ... Since the dawn of civilization, man was limited by his vision and imagination about his understanding of the universe. The telescope enhanced his vision and tempered his pride, as observations by Copernicus, Galileo (see image on left), and Kepler in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. rebuffed the millennia-old conceit that the Earth is the center of the universe, spearheading the Scientific Revolution. By the 18th century, the telescope would become the indispensable instrument for investigations of the cosmos. Bigger and better telescopes were built all over the world. Planets, stars, and nebulae which could not be seen by the naked eye were now being routinely noted and logged. Advances in spectroscopy, photography, and photometry increased telescope versatility, sensitivity, and discovery power. Enter Edwin Hubble By the turn of the 20th century, most astronomers believed that the observable universe consisted of one galaxy, our Milky Way Galaxy, an oasis of stars, dust, and gas in the vastness of space. However, in 1924, American astronomer Edwin Hubble used the 100-inch Hooker Telescope (see image on left) on Mount Wilson near Los Angeles, California, to observe billions of other galaxies besides our own Milky Way, almost all moving away from each other. This suggested that the universe is expanding, unleashing a Pandora's box of seminal inquiries—such as the Big Bang theory—about the possible beginning and end of the universe—issues which are still being debated to this day. Astronomers like Edwin Hubble (before and after his time), toiled long, frigid nights inside enormous dome-shaped "observatories" pointing their telescopes skyward, yearning for the best possible snapshot of the heavens. However they faced a major obstacle that stood between them and a clear view of the universe: the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth's atmosphere is a fluidic, chaotic soup of gas and dust. It blurs visible light, causing stars to twinkle and making it difficult to see faint stars. It hinders or even totally absorbs other wavelengths of light, making observations of such wavelength ranges as infrared, ultraviolet, gamma rays and X-rays difficult or virtually impossible (it is also these properties which protect us from the harmful effect of these rays). Observatories with the largest of telescopes in various continents have been perched upon mountain tops and away from distracting city lights, from Caucasus Mountains in Europe to the Australian outback, with varying levels of success. Adaptive optics and other image processing techniques have minimized—but not totally eliminated—the effects of the atmosphere. A Telescope in Space? In 1923, German scientist Hermann Oberth, one of the three fathers of modern rocketry (Oberth, Robert Goddard and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky), published "Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen" ("The Rocket into Planetary Space"), which mentioned how a telescope could be propelled into Earth orbit by a rocket. In 1946, Princeton astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer (see image on left) wrote about the scientific benefits of a telescope in space, above Earth's turbulent atmosphere. Following the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik in 1957, the fledgling National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) successfully launched two Orbital Astronomical Observatories (OAOs) into orbit. They made a number of ultraviolet observations and provided learning experiences for the manufacture and launch of future space observatories. The LST - Large Space Telescope Meanwhile, scientific, governmental, and industrial groups planned the next step beyond the OAO program. Spitzer gathered the support of other astronomers for a "large orbital telescope" and addressed the concerns of its critics. In 1969, the National Academy of Sciences gave its approval for the Large Space Telescope (LST) project, and the hearings and feasibility studies continued. After Armstrong's "giant leap for mankind" on the moon in 1969, funding for NASA space programs began to dwindle, putting the LST program in jeopardy. LST planners had to design the telescope under budget constraints. A number of downsizing measures were weighed and considered: decrease the size of the primary mirror, the number of scientific instruments, the diameter of the Systems Support Module and the number of spare parts created and tests performed. In 1974, the LST Science Working Group recommended the space telescope carry a large complement of interchangeable instruments. They would have specifications to resolve at least one-tenth of an arcsecond, and have a wavelength range from ultraviolet through visible to infrared light. The Space Shuttle is Conceived NASA and its industrial partners—called contractors—brought up the option of developing a vehicle that could achieve orbit and return to earth intact and be reused repeatedly; the concept of the Space Shuttle was born. The Space Shuttle could deploy the LST into space and reel it back for return to Earth. The shuttle could, and would, be used for a myriad of other operations for the space program as well. NASA suggested that the lifetime of the space telescope be fifteen years, which implied that the instruments needed the ability to be replaced on the ground or even serviced in orbit—an ability not afforded to any satellite before or since. Scientists also had to balance the size and quantity of scientific instruments versus their cost. Too many instruments meant financial support was less likely; conversely, instruments of minimal capability would result in the loss of scientific support for the telescope. The European Space Agency (ESA) joined the project in 1975 and provided fifteen percent of the funding of the LST via contribution of the Faint Object Camera (FOC) and the solar arrays. In return, NASA guaranteed at least fifteen percent of telescope time—the amount of time astronomers use the telescope for space observations—to European astronomers. In 1977, Congress approved funding to build one of the most sophisticated satellites ever constructed. Who Does What? NASA chose Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, as the lead NASA field center for the design, development, and construction of the renamed Space Telescope (ST). Marshall delegated Perkin-Elmer Corporation (now, Hughes Danbury Optical Systems) the task of developing the Optical Telescope Assembly and the Fine Guidance Sensors. Lockheed Missiles and Space Company (now, Lockheed Martin) was selected by Marshall to build the cylindrical casing and the internal support systems (the Support Systems Module) and assembling the telescope together. NASA chose Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, to be the lead in scientific instrument design and ground control for the space observatory. Scientists were organized into "Instrument Definition Teams" which would translate scientific aims into scientific devices and incorporate them into the space telescope housing. After an announcement was made to the astronomy community, proposals were received and judged, and five devices were selected as the initial instruments that would be aboard the Space Telescope: the Faint Object Camera, the Wide Field/Planetary Camera, the Faint Object Spectrograph, the High Resolution Spectrograph, and the High Speed Photometer. The Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, and the Kennedy Space Center in Florida supplied Space Shuttle support. In all, dozens of contractors, a handful of universities, and several NASA centers, spanning 21 states and 12 other countries worldwide, made the dream of a telescope above the clouds and in space a reality. In 1983, the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) was established at The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. The staff of STScI evaluated proposals for telescope time and managed the resulting telescope observations. A number of delays stemming from underestimating the costs and engineering requirements of the state-of-the-art telescope caused the launch date to be moved from December 1983 to the second half of 1986. NASA reexamined interfaces, instruments, and assemblies. The building of the Optical Telescope Assembly encountered engineering challenges. Scientific instruments, like the Wide Field/Planetary Camera (WF/PC), underwent redesign, removing weight and redundancy. Hubble is Born In regards to the maintenance and upgrading of the space telescope, plans were made to conduct servicing missions in orbit versus returning the telescope to Earth and refurbishing it on the ground. It was an innovative concept that would be even easier on a budget. In the midst of this spirit of renovation, the Space Telescope was renamed the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). By 1985, the telescope was assembled and ready for launch. However, in 1986 disaster struck. The Challenger accident forced NASA to ground the Space Shuttle fleet for two years. However, these were years well spent by the HST Project. Solar panels were improved with new solar cell technology. The aft shroud was modified to make instrument replacement during servicing easier. Computers and communication systems were upgraded. The HST was subjected to further stress tests in the harsh environments of liftoff and space. Finally, on April 24, 1990, the Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off from earth with the Hubble Space Telescope nestled securely in its bay. The following day, Hubble was released into space, ready to peer into the vast unknown of space, offering mankind a glimpse upon distant, exotic cosmic shores yet to be described. REFERENCES Smith, Robert W., The Space Telescope: A Study of NASA, Science, Technology and Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1993. Chaisson, Eric J., The Hubble Wars: Astrophysics Meets Astropolitics, Harper Collins, 1994. Petersen, Carolyn Collins, and Brandt, John C., Hubble Vision: Astronomy with the Hubble Space Telescope, Cambridge University Press, 1995. The Expanding Universe Hubble teamed with ground-based telescopes to observe exploding stars in galaxies whose light was emitted when the universe was half its present age. The preliminary result, if confirmed, will be one of the most important scientific discoveries of our time—that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, driven by an unknown force. Hubble completed an eight-year effort to measure the expansion rate of the universe in 1999. + View more details Unveiling the Earliest Galaxies In a follow-up of Hubble Deep Field images of 1996, a further look was taken with Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) in 2004. HUDF is the deepest portrait of the visible universe ever achieved by humankind. The million-second-long exposure reveals the first galaxies to emerge from the so-called "dark ages," the time shortly after the big bang when the first stars reheated the cold, dark universe. The new image should offer new insights into what types of objects reheated the universe long ago. + View more details Proof of Black Holes Hubble was the first optical telescope to provide convincing proof of a black hole several billion times the mass of the sun in the early 90's. The images at the left show an observation released in 1997; Hubble found evidence that supermassive black holes are at the core of most, if not all, galaxies. + View more details Gamma Rays Origins Until Hubble, scientists could not determine if mysterious, intense bursts of gamma rays originated in our own galaxy, far across the universe, or somewhere in between. The telescope traced these bursts to the outskirts of faint, distant galaxies in the early universe. Hubble capatured views of the rapidly fading visible-light fireball from the most powerful cosmic explosion recorded to date. For a brief moment the light from the blast was equal to the radiance of 100 million billion stars. The initial explosion began as an intense burst of gamma-rays which happened on Jan. 23, 1999. + View more details Quasars In the early 90's Hubble cleared up the mystery of quasars. It confirmed that quasars are actually active galactic nuclei in distant galaxies and are powered by black holes. The snapshots at the left released in 1996, offer examples of quasar home sites. Astronomers believe that a quasar turns on when a massive black hole at the center of a galaxy feeds on gas and stars. + View more details The Birth of Stars Hubble's unprecedented views of star birth reveal the diverse and complex processes that influence star formation. They show that planet-forming dust disks surrounding young stars are common throughout the galaxy. Hubble was the first telescope to reveal the internal structures of these disks, which suggest the presence of newly formed planets. In 1995, Hubble released one of its most famous images, the Eagle Eye Nebula which showed the emergence of stars from pillars of interstellar clouds. + View more details The Death of Stars The telescope's exquisite images of dying stars help scientists understand the death process and how it is influenced by each star's specific circumstances. Only Hubble can chronicle the spectacular changes as the blast debris expands over time. An updated image Cat's Eye Nebula was released in 2004. A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers that form bright nebulae with amazing and confounding shapes. + View more details Auroras and Electricity Hubble revealed stunning views of the northern and southern lights on Jupiter, Saturn and Ganymede, as well as imagery of the dynamic electrical interactions between Jupiter and its satellite Io. On the left is a 1998 picture of Saturn taken by the Hubble telescope in ultraviolet light. The glowing, swirling material at Saturn's poles is its auroral "curtains," rising more than a thousand miles above the cloud tops. + View more details Comet Collision In 1994 Hubble provided spectacular views of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9's collision with Jupiter. Over the years it has also taken images of Jupiter's Great Red Spot, the first detailed images of Pluto and its satellite Charon, and new understanding of the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune. + View more details The Best View of Mars Hubble captured the best view of Mars ever obtained from Earth. Frosty white water ice clouds and swirling orange dust storms above a vivid rusty landscape reveal Mars as a dynamic planet in this sharpest view ever obtained by an Earth-based telescope. The Earth-orbiting Hubble Space Telescope snapped this portrait of Mars within minutes of the planet's closest approach to Earth in nearly 60,000 years. This image was made from a series of exposures taken on Aug. 27, 2004. Hubble can see details as small as 10 miles (16 km) across. + How big is Hubble and what does it weigh? + Where is Hubble? + How can I see Hubble pass over my area? + What are the main objectives of the Hubble Program? + How much does Hubble cost? + When is the end of Hubble's mission and what happens? + Who was Edwin Hubble? + Where can I see a live video feed from Hubble? + What is the power of Hubble's magnification? + What is the furthest Hubble has seen? + Can Hubble see man-made objects on the moon? + Can Hubble be used to spot things on the Earth? + Why doesn't Hubble capture images of Planet X? How big is Hubble and what does it weigh? The length is 13.2 meters (43.5 ft.) and the maximum diameter is 4.2 meters (14 ft.) It is about the size of a big tractor-trailer truck. It was designed to fit in the bay of the Space Shuttle for ease of deployment into orbit. Hubble weighs about 24000 lbs on Earth. That would be about 11000 kg. To be more precise: You can compare this to a car, which weighs around one or two tons (roughly 1000 to 2000 kg). Thus, Hubble weighs as much as six to twelve cars (depending on their size). It's not really phenomenally heavy. To get really heavy stuff, look at big aircraft carriers and monster skyscrapers! + CLICK HERE view schematics of Hubble Where is Hubble? The Hubble Space Telescope is a Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellite. It is located about 375 miles (600 km) above the surface of the Earth. Hubble completes an orbit around the Earth every 97 minutes. It is high enough so that it can escape the light distorting effects of Earth's atmosphere, but low enough so that can reach it easily enough during servicing missions. + CLICK HERE for real-time tracking of Hubble How can I see Hubble pass over my area? Provided that Hubble passes closely enough overhead, it is relatively dark, and the skies are clear enough, Hubble can be seen with the naked-eye. Use the link below to specify your location and Hubble's next pass will be calculated. You can also use the resource to find other satellites and bodies such as the International Space Station. + CLICK HERE for NASA SkyWatch What are the main objectives of the Hubble Program? The Announcement of Opportunity for The Hubble Space Telescope, dated March 1977, cites that the main scientific objectives for Hubble are to determine: A. The constitution, physical characteristics, and dynamics of celestial bodies. B. The nature of processes which occur in the extreme physical conditions existing in and between astronomical objects. C. The history and evolution of the universe. D. Whether the laws of nature are universal in the space-time continuum. + CLICK HERE to learn more about NASA's Origins Program How much does Hubble cost? Initially Hubble cost $1.5 billion to build and put into orbit. Hubble's total budget in one year is in the range $230-250 million. That money does more than simply keep Hubble operating on a daily basis. In addition to operational costs, the total dollar figure includes funds for scientific data analysis, as well as for the development of future hardware and its associated software. The concept of servicing Hubble to upgrade its instruments rather than launching a whole new telescope has saved billions of dollars. + CLICK HERE to see the history of NASA's cost estimating When is the end of Hubble's mission and what happens? Currently (April 2004) there is much discussion on the matter. Servicing Mission 4 (SM4) has been canceled and this affects Hubble's longevity. Originally Hubble, was planned to last close to the end of the decade. Ultimately, either a Shuttle mission or robotic mission to Hubble will be required to equip it with a deorbit module so that a safe, targeted reentry of the observatory can be performed at the end of its mission life. + CLICK HERE for more details about possiblilities for another mission Who was Edwin Hubble? Edwin P. Hubble (1889-1953), an American astronomer, was born in Marshfield, Missouri. As a staff member (from 1919) at Mt. Wilson Observatory, Hubble used the 100-in. (254-cm) telescope there to discover that there are large-scale galaxies beyond the Milky Way and that they are distributed almost uniformly in all directions. In what is now known as Hubble's Law, he was the first to offer observational evidence supporting the theory of the expanding universe. + CLICK HERE for more on Edwin Hubble Where can I see a live video feed from Hubble? There is no live video feed from Hubble for a few reasons: 1. Looking through a video cam at say 20 to 30 frames per second would most likely show only blackness. This is because Hubble looks at objects that are very faint and requires long exposure times, sometimes upwards of 30 minutes. 2. Hubble doesn't have an "always on" connection. Communications are handled via by a satellite system (TDRSS) in 20 minute chunks. It's more like mail than TV. 3. The images from Hubble are not produced on the fly. There is a processing time before the images we are used to seeing are ready for release. Also, Hubble activities are often not geared towards producing pictures, but collecting data for scientists of a more complex nature. + CLICK HERE to see astronomy images from Hubble What is the power of Hubble's magnification? The above image you see on your screen viewed at an arms length is about 150x larger than what you would see in the night sky with your eye. The full-sized image Hubble produced would be about 6000x magnification. This question does not actually apply for Hubble the way it does for home telescopes as it has no eyepiece, because there is nobody there to look. But if we had to give an answer, see the caption and image to the left... This picture was taken by Hubble's WFPC2 instrument. You might consider its magnification to be 6000x. Hubble's instrument with the highest resolution is the ACS/HRC. It is capable of making an object appear about 8000x larger on your computer screen compared to what your eye can make out in the sky. There is another reason asking for Hubble's magnification is not the best question. Many figure that Hubble's specialty is to "make things look bigger". But this is not the case, it is actually Hubble's light collecting power that makes it so effective. This is actually the case with most telescopes. The aperture size is the most important factor. Aperture affects resolution greatly as well. Some might consider Hubble's magnification to be only 350x if defined more in terms of resolution. For more on this, click the link below to find out about Hubble's optics and capabilities. + CLICK HERE for specifications of Hubble's optics What is the furthest Hubble has seen? The finding of the furthest Hubble has seen is called Ultra Deep Field. The findings were released in March of 2004. Hubble was pointed at the same patch of sky for several cumulative days and took long exposures. Scientist were surprised to find a bewildering assortment of at least 10,000 galaxies at various stages of evolution. The distance? - over 12 billion light years away - maybe even over 13 billion light years away. A light year is the distance light can travel in one year. 10 billion light years is equivalent to: 58,800,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles! 10 billion light years also corresponds to seeing 10 billion years into the past. This is because light does not travel instantaneously as some might think. The light Hubble is finally receiving in this image began its journey 10 billion years ago when it was first emitted by a distant galaxy. + CLICK HERE to learn more about Hubble Deep Field Can Hubble see man-made objects on the moon? Hubble's moon image. Click to Enlarge There are a couple of problems with HST viewing things on the moon: 1. Size: An object on the moon 4 meters across, viewed from HST, would be about 0.002 arcsec in size. The highest resolution instrument currently on HST is the FOC, at 0.014 arcsec. That would work out to being able to resolve something about 300 ft across on the moon. So anything we left on the moon cannot be resolved in any HST image. It would just appear as a dot -- except see next point. 2. Motion of the moon: The HST pointing system is designed to hold it quite motionless relative to the distant stars -- but the Moon isn't. In 1 second of time, the moon moves over 0.5 arcsec. The shortest exposure time any of the HST instruments offers is 0.1 sec -- so an object we left on the Moon would appear more blurry. To the left is the best picture Hubble has taken of the moon. It would be impossible to make out an object if it were only a few meters across. + CLICK HERE to see Hubble's image of the moon Can Hubble be used to spot things on the Earth? Hubble could take pictures of the Earth, but the image quality would be extremely poor. The problems: 1. Hubble has a fixed focus which is set for looking at the distant stars and galaxies. The Earth is way too close. An object about 2-3 meters across would be one fuzzy dot. This is not nearly as good as Hubble could do if it could be focused. 2. The surface of the Earth is whizzing by as Hubble orbits, and the pointing system, designed to track the distant stars, cannot track an object on the Earth. The shortest exposure time on any of the Hubble instruments is 0.1 sec, and in this time Hubble moves about 700 meters. So a picture Hubble took of Earth would be all streaks in the orbital direction, and pretty fuzzy in the other direction. + CLICK HERE to find out what Hubble looks at daily Why doesn't Hubble capture images of Planet X? Artist's rendition of Planet X. Planet X refers to the tenth and/or a mystery planet. Answering this question can be a bit arduous as the term is applied to a number of different concepts by the popular press. But here is a rundown... Some use the name to refer to objects beyond the orbit of Pluto. Hubble has detected a few large objects of this kind (all smaller than Pluto though) - whether you want to call them planets or large comets is a matter of convention. Images of these bodies appear as tiny specks of light even with magnification. Others use the term for a theoretical massive planet(s) in the comet cloud (well beyond Pluto) that is detectable only by the perturbations in the orbits of comets, resulting in a pattern of comets passing through the inner solar system. This theory is still quite speculative and there are no images, but research is ongoing. The name Planet X is also applied to a wide variety of more obscure scenarios, generally involving a planet that exists within or enters the inner solar system and comes in proximity to Earth. The concepts are vague in terms of location and direction. It is difficult for Hubble or any telescope to view something if it does not know where to look.
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Featuring dramatic images from NASA's orbiting Hubble Space Telescope. www.astrographics.com Purchase Fine Art Astro and Space Prints Welcome to the Astro Images web catalog, a unique collection of digitally remastered astronomy and space art images taken from the archives of the Hubble Space Telescope and NASA. www.astroimages.net WEB RESULTS HubbleSite gallery HubbleSite gallery HubbleSite gallery This World Wide Web (WWW) site allows students of all ages to view photographs of space taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Photos, including ones of Hale-Bopp, Mars, and Supernovas, are available ... Category: Hubble Space Telescope Pictures hubblesite.org/gallery - HubbleSite public education site from the Space Telescope Science Institute, featuring a showcase gallery of images, the latest news, technical facts and figures, and more. Category: Hubble Space Telescope hubblesite.org - hobble Hubble Space Telescope Project features telescope history and future, operation and maintenance, technology, Shuttle servicing missions, news, and images. Category: Hubble Space Telescope hubble.nasa.gov - hobble Students for the Exploration and Development of Space: Hubble Space Telescope Images (title provided or enhanced by ... Students for the Exploration and Development of Space: Hubble Space Telescope Images (title provided or enhanced by cataloger) Students for the Exploration and Development of Space: Hubble Space Telescope Images (title provided or enhanced by ... Category: Hubble Space Telescope Pictures www.seds.org/hst/index.html - hobble Hubble Heritage Project astronomers and astrophysicists comb the rich HST public archive of exposures that has been accumulating for almost a decade and present a new picture each month. 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Category: Hubble Space Telescope hubble.esa.int - hobble Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility supports the European astronomy community in exploiting the research opportunities provided by the earth-orbiting NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Category: Hubble Space Telescope > Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility www.stecf.org - More from this site E/PO at STScI ... Access to all the public Hubble pictures, with links to the stories behind them. ... 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